The Role Of Bobby Kennedy Throughout The Cuban Missile Crisis Essays (

The Role Of Bobby Kennedy Throughout The Cuban Missile Crisis Presentation On the morning of Tuesday October 16, 1962, President John F. Kennedy was perusing the Tuesday morning papers in his bed at the Whitehouse. Not twenty fours hours prior, McGeorge Bundy, Kennedys national security guide, got the aftereffects of Major Richard S. Heysers U-2 crucial San Cristobal Cuba. Considering ongoing baffling Soviet and Cuban exercises creating in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, the presidents organization had provided the request to direct observation missions over the island of Cuba. Specifically a fifty-mile trapezoidal area of region in western Cuba was to be viewed under extreme examination. A CIA operator announced in the second seven day stretch of September that this stretch of land was being protected intently by Peruvian, Colombian, and real Soviet troopers. There was a genuine motivation to be dubious of the movement in western Cuba. The first of this U-2 surveillance crucial uncover a stunning discovery.(Chang and William p.33-47) The U-2 observation reports that Bundy got in full detail two 70-foot-long MRBMs at San Cristobal. The news that Bundy would in the long run need to open to President Kennedy would sound cautions not simply in his organization or in the United States of America, yet all through the whole world. Bundy didn't tell the president that night. He picked to permit him a decent evenings rest, the last he would have for quite a while, as it turned out. Bundy felt there was no way around the rockets that night at any rate, and he would should be sharp the following morning.(Brugioni p.68) Besides Bundy and the initiative of the U.S. knowledge network, Dean Rusk and his group at State, just as McNamara and the agent secretary of protection, Roswell Gilpatric, got expression of the U-2s revelation before hitting the hay on October 15. Kennedys disclosure of the rockets could hold up till the following morning.(May and Zelikow p.24) In this manner on the morning of October 16, while Kennedy was lying in bed, Bundy educated that the U-2 strategic flew over Cuba had spotted two atomic rockets and six rocket ship southwest of Havana. Before the late spring of that equivalent year had finished, Khrushchev had made the twin guarantee that nothing will be attempted before the American Congressional decisions that could confound the global circumstance or irritate the strain in the relations between our two nations, and guaranteed the president through his own sibling Robert F. Kennedy, the lawyer general of the United States and the presidents storeroom consultant by methods for a back channel, that lone protective weapons were to be put in Cuba.(Brugioni p56) This last and last explanation left the youthful lawyer general and the whole organization to accept that no hostile atomic rockets, and unquestionably no weapons that were fit for hitting any objective in the mainland United States were being put in Cuba at thi s time.(Chang and William p67) The news brought to the Kennedy organization as the U-2s obvious photos made jabber of both of Khrushchevs promises. In any case, in particular the Soviet Union had outfitted Cuba with an arms stockpile of Soviet atomic rockets notwithstanding a presidential proclamation just a month ahead of schedule that the United States would not endure such a circumstance in the Western Hemisphere. Kennedy felt actually offended by the arrangement of these missiles.(Fursenko and Naftali p.193) He believed that he had done everything conceivable to defuse and streamline tense relations with the Soviet Union even before he got down to business in 1960. This overwhelming news from Cuba would bring about the strained period in Cold War history to date and maybe its tensest period in the whole history of the war. Kennedy chose limit the data in regards to the overwhelming news from Cuba to as little a gathering as could reasonably be expected. This gathering would come to be known as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, or as it would later be known and abbreviated to just Ex Comm.(Brugioni p.45) This would be the gathering of Washingtons most honed and most compelling personalities that would pretty much choose the destiny of the country and the world. A substantial duty would be carried on their shoulders. On the off chance that they bombed they

A television show (LOST) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A network show (LOST) - Essay Example These inquiries feed into the show’s expound folklore. Not at all like other TV appears, the greater part of what we need to think about Lost is kept from us, hung far out. That is one reason it has had such a social effect. It is somewhat similar to Plato’s cavern. We can just observe the shadows on the divider and couldn't want anything more than to perceive what in the world is really throwing them. It has additionally made the entirety of its cast individuals into enormous stars. Individuals relate to these individuals who are befuddled about their lives, have no clue about where they are, and are appear to be coordinated by powers they can’t comprehend. In Lost, the narrating shifts between the survivors attempting to adjust to their odd new lives and to comprehend the island on which they are marooned and afterward moves to flashbacks that clarify us comprehend the individual history of every one of the many character. We get the opportunity to perceive what kind of lives they were living before they went to the island. Generally these are quite miserable lives. Lives in which they were additionally being coordinated by powers they didn’t truly see either. A few people article to this, wishing rather that they concentrated solely on the occasions on the island, yet I feel this isn't right. In the event that you concentrated only on the occasions on the island, it would be just an experience story, however through the flashbacks we find out such a great amount about what is most important to the individuals that the arrangement becomes as much a character concentrate as an undertaking. Furthermore, this encourages us to compr ehend what persuades the characters and lets them sub for different archtypes. Before the finish of the period, we become more acquainted with the characters so well that we can envision how they will react to even the littlest occasions. We learn rapidly that the island contains a large group of secrets, including imperceptible beasts whose area and capacity stay obscure until the finish of the main season (in the event that we even get them, at that point). There are ways that lead to odd spots, there are guarantees of

Complexity of managing an organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unpredictability of dealing with an association - Essay Example The expense of creation ought to be kept all things considered 50% of the complete expense for the vision of the association to be accomplished. On development and learning point of view, the Chief Information Officer ought to be answerable for ensuring that the association overhauls and the worth continually expanding. The individual in question should search for methods of move to make to guarantee this objective is accomplished. Concentrating on money related viewpoint, the Chief Information Officer should situate ensure the association in situated well in the shareholder’s perpective.He or she ought to organize precise and convenient financing for the business (Pearlson and Saunders, 27).Question two.A demonstrative right hand is a model where computerized reasoning is applied. The guide the individuals recognize issues and give proposals on the rebuilding or treatment to tackle the issues. A Turing test for this is an electrician’s partner that compositions what mi ght not be right in the reason, for example, a default combine, demolished change light or a wore out light offered a few hints of electrical inconveniences. Clinical diagnosticianâ is another case of counterfeit intelligenceâ that finds approaching illnesses, helpful tests and reasonable medicines dependent on information on a particular clinical area a patients side effects and history. This right hand ought to be fit for disclosing its thinking to the individual completing the tests and fixes and who is inevitably liable for their actions.Bullwhip impact is an apparent event in estimate driven conveyance channel.

Sustainability In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Manageability In Business - Essay Example Thus, the inquiry emerges with respect to how associations just as social orders which are fit for supporting exceedingly beneficial execution can be created. Additionally, it has become progressively fathomable that â€Å"sustained financial achievement and nature of network life relies upon building up an alternate relationship with the normal environment† (Dunphy, 2000, p.5), and consequently, it is important to understand the way that a significant part of the monetary wealth has been accomplished at the expense of worldwide assets that have been misused at an impractical rate. In the light of these realities, the ebb and flow research will target assessing the corporate manageability of three worldwide majors, viz. Imperial Dutch Shell plc (Shell), Fluor Corporation (Fluor), and The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) as far as the manageable profiles of various nations wherein they work. The report will address a scope of corporate maintainability gives that associations regularly face, so as to prove the key reason of this examination. The significant qualities of the Shell incorporate its interior factors that have lead to fast development of the organization. It is one of the biggest oil organizations and it has gained solid market position in worldwide oil industry. It appreciates an advantage position in the market. The organization has taken vertical coordination for its tasks that permits it to enter downstream and upstream exercises like oil and gas investigation and refining, business-to-business deals and so on (Shell-b, 2009). The organization interior procedures and supervisory group are proficient in keeping up the worldwide operational business activities. The organization has obtained high specialized headways for their business operational undertakings. Since most recent five years, the shortcomings of Shell have gotten progressively conspicuous because of certain negative components. Right off the bat, the diminishing benefit and deals edges are the significant shortcoming of the organization.

China in the Year 2100 Essay - 275 Words

China in the Year 2100 (Essay Sample) Content: China in the Year 2100[Authors Name][Institutional Affiliation] China in the Year 2100The best way to describe the future of any country is by casting an eye back into the past, comparing the rate of advancement to the present, and trying to predict the future based on the same. A hundred years ago, the social and economic structures of China were backward, analogue, and totally traditional. Over the last one hundred years, the Chinese developed technology and enhanced comfort in ways that influenced China and the rest of the world. The countrys economy has seen invention upon invention, and this is evident in air transport, medicine, food production, and issues related to war and security. A peep into the next ninety to one hundred years presents a much more complicated world in Chinas socio-economic setup (Goldemberg Lucon, 2010). This is because foundations for various developments in technology and science have been laid. Predictably, it will take a shorter time to complete the remainder of this work into the dream economy that China aspires to achieve.The desire to attain immortality is one that has haunted the human race for centuries. Earlier attempts were seen when humans started researching on suspended animation, a procedure that would allow indefinite suspension of human bodily activity for medical purposes. By the year 2100, humans will probably have achieved more than this (Beeth, 2010). The use of biotechnology and nanotechnology that have been built in the last few decades will accelerate this field. Specifically, Chinese medical researchers present extreme aggression in relation to research. Alongside others, they will probably create artificial body parts that can be perfectly fitted to function with human intelligence. Because of improved efficiency, death rates will have reduced in China tremendously. However, if attempts at cloning succeed, the desire to preserve lineages will not last. This is because there will be no need to do this biologically when it can easily be done artificially (Palacios-Huerta, 2013). Therefore, the population will remain economically sustainable because low death rates will not subsequently mean high birthrates.In a similar way, the cost of medical care, food and its technology, electronics, and other appliances will have gone down significantly in the Chinese economy. This is because efficient technology is known for mass production at the cheapest costs possible (Nowotny, 2006). In addition, the rate at which scientists are interacting with the space, points towards various possibilities. If space exploration succeeds, Chinese scientists may lead in making Mars, Venus, or any other part of the Solar System another home. The reason they would think more of this relates to the fact that they have the leading population in the world. This would see billions of human beings exported from China and the world at large (Beeth, 2010).The economic typology may spell a completely di fferent picture of the relations between China and other nations. A hegemonic influence of super power states like the United States, China and the USSR has existed for years. This may dissolve to create chance for welfare oriented state structures within and outside China. Increasing elitism and the advancement of information promises a future of multi-stakeholder collaboration in governance as opposed to previous authoritarian trends (Swaine Tellis...

Holiday Companies Product

Holiday Inn Corporation Analysis I. Introduction (600) The term of globalization describes a number of processes by which products, people, companies, money and information are able to move freely and quickly around, unimpeded by national borders or other territorial limitations (Morrison, 2002). Benefited from that, multinational organizations are booming in the world market. Globalization opens up new opportunities for multinational corporations, but it also creates new risks and something uncertainties. The aim of this paper is to examine the internationalization process of Holiday Inn hotel chain, one of the famous multinational corporations in budget hotel industry, with the framework of Porters Diamond and transnational management typology. 1.1 Overview of Budget hotel industry in the USA A budget hotel is described as a hotel that is economical, as well as being clean and comfortable. Generally, budget hotels only provide bed and breakfast. They are as good as three-star hotels, but have no resplendent lobby, no conference rooms or entertainment centers. Some dont even have dining halls. The budget hotel sector exists as a hotel business as part of to the traditional full service hotel business that offers standard facilities and services. (Xinhua Daily, retrieved 2007) After the Second World War, the prosperity of Americas economy led to the development of domestic tourism, which resulted in a great demand for inexpensive accommodation; furthermore, the building of an inter-city expressway network led to the motels becoming popular. For instance, in 1952, the Holiday Inn chain of hotels was founded by Kemmons Wilson to provide inexpensive family accommodation for travelers within the USA. From the late 1980s to the late 1990s, Large hotel groups preferred merger and acquisition of existing brands to create new brands. Since entering the 21st century, the budget hotel sector has started a new rapid growth. The main manifestation of this stage is the development of budget hotels in developing countries. The famous budget hotel brands, such as Ibis, Formula 1, Super 8, Days Inn, and Holiday Inn Express, have been entered into the Asian market (green). Due to Luxury hotels were considered as not economical, and inexpensive hotels were neither sanitary nor practical, the growth of budget hotels is increasing fast. According to statistical data collected by AHLA (American Hotel Lodging Association) in 2006, the number of budget hotels in the US is about 60,000 and the average occupied rate approximately 70 percent of the U.S. hotel market. Meanwhile, a survey of oversea tourism shows the proportion of revenue of budget hotels is 64% in the US hotel industry. C. The Holiday Inn Corporation overview Holiday Inn hotel is one of typical international budget hotels chains. It was founded in 1952 in the USA to provide inexpensive family accommodation for travelers within the USA. By 1968 there were 1000 Inns across the country. In 1988, Holiday Inns International was purchased by Bass PLC, the owner of a UKs beer brand, followed by the remaining domestic Holiday Inn hotels in 1990. The remainder of Holiday Corporation was spun off to shareholders as Promus Companies Incorporated. In March 1998, Bass acquired the InterContinental brand, expanding into the luxury hotel market. With more than 1,400 properties worldwide and nearly 1,000 in the U.S., Holiday Inn is the most recognized lodging brand in the world. (Holiday Inn from Wikipedia: retrieved 2007). D. Structure of the project This paper will be mainly organized as four parts: introduction, literature review, company analysis and conclusion. In the literature review section, the framework of Porters Diamond transnational management typology will be explained in details. After the competitive advantage analysis of American Budget Hotel industry, a company analysis of Holiday Inn chain of hotels will be discussed from competitive challenge, collaborative challenge, organizational challenge, and cultural challenge aspects. II. Literature review Porters Diamond Analysis Traditionally, economic theory discuss many factors for comparative advantage for regions or nations, such as land, location, natural resources (minerals, energy, etc.), labor force, and local population known as Heckscher-Ohlin Theory (Ball and McCulloch, 1999). However, by studying a hundred firms in ten developed countries, Michael Porter argued that a nation can create new advanced factors such as knowledge based workforce, advanced technology, and government support, etc. He believed those classical theories of comparative advantage are incomprehensive, so that he claimed Porters Diamond of national competitive advantage (Porter, 1990). Porters Diamond (Figure 1) is a diamond shaped diagram of the basis of a framework to illustrate the determinations of national competitive advantage. This model represents why the nation achieve in a particular industry from four factors: Factor conditions, Demand Conditions, Related and Supporting Industries, and Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry. Besides, chance and government are two extended factors in the model. The factor of chance is uncontrollable, while the impact of government is hard to neglect (). Factor Condition Factor conditions (also called as Factor Endowments) refer to inputs used as factors of production. Porter divided factors into basic factors (Heckscher-Ohlin theory) and advanced factors; general factors and specialized factors (Ball and McCulloch, 1999). Porter emphasized that the key factors of production (or specialized factors) are created, not inherited (Porter, 1990) The basic factors include raw materials, unskilled labor, climate, location, etc, while the advanced factors refer to technology, information, transportation and other infrastructure, skilled labor, and research and development sectors. Porter believes that the importance of basic factors is much less than the advanced factors, due to the decrease of demand (Porter. 1990). And an international firm can easily gain those basic factors from the whole world network. In contrast, the importance of advanced factors in achieving competitive advantages is indubitable. Due to the difficulty of gaining advanced factors from outside, firms must take effort on the staff training and investment heavy and continually. Specialized factors are necessary in each specialized industry, and lead to bring more competitive advantages. Porter pointed out that if a country builds up its competitive advantages on the basic and general factors, it is unsteadily. In real competition, abundant resources and cheap cost may lead to inefficiency on utilizing resources. In contrast, some disadvantages may make the stress on innovation (Porter, 1990). Demand conditions Domestic and local demand shapes the attributes of domestically made products and encourages upgrading competitive advantage (Bartlett, 2008). Firms that face a sophisticated domestic market are likely to sell superior products. Because of the market demands on high quality products, firms are able to get better understanding of the needs and desires of the fastidious customers (ibid). The other aspect is anticipatory buyer needs. If the nations discriminating values spread to other countries, it helps local firms anticipate global trends. And then the local firms will be competitive in the global market (). Related and supporting industries Porter pointed out that a series of strong related and supporting industries is also vital for the competitiveness of firms. He mentioned that Home-based competitiveness in related industries provides similar benefits: Information flow and technical interchange speed the rate of innovation and upgrading. A home-based related industry also increase the likelihood that companies will embrace new skills, and it also provides a source of entrants who will bring a novel approach to competing (Bartlett, 2000, pp230). Porter also pointed out the impact of Industrial Cluster, a phenomenon of competitors locating in the same area. It brings both positive and negative influence, i.e., it helps the cooperation with the first class suppliers, and builds a close relationship with upstream and/or downstream industries. However, it has potential risks that poaching of employees by rival companies and obvious increasing in competition (). Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Porter emphasized that the motivation, which leads firms to be international, is very important. It may be from the international demand, the stress from local rival, or the market base. Nations are more likely to gain success where the management practices and modes of organization favored by the national environment are well suited to the industries sources of competitive advantage (Porter, 1990. pp108). Porter also argues that countries will tend to be more competitive in particular industries because of they have fit management style which may be differed from others. Meanwhile, intense competition helps the process of innovation. In addition, international competition is not as intense as the general consideration. In international market, companies are different enough due to their own national environment, culture and value to survival in each particular industry. The other reason is a successful product, before being international, must experience an intense competition and then gain achievement in its domestic market (Porter, 1990). Chance and government Along with the four competitive determinants, Porter also emphasized the role of chance and government in the diamond model. Chance events are defined as the ones that have little to do with circumstances in a nation which are uncontrollable of firms (Porter, 1998). Random events can either show positive or negative effect on a firms competitive position. These can be anything like major technological breakthroughs or inventions, acts of war and destruction, suddenly increasing of the production cost (e.g. the increasing price of oil), sharply change of the market demand or dramatic shifts in exchange rates. It may bring competitive advantages to new rivals but make the formal one loose its position. The government plays an important role in Porters Diamond model. Governments proper role is as a catalyst and challenger; it is to encourage or even push companies to raise their aspirations and move to higher levels of competitive performance (Porter, 1998) Governments can impact all the four of Porters determinants through a variety of actions such as subsidies to firms, changes of taxation, business or property ownership policies, educational support, establishing high technical, and regulating product standards. The role of government in the diamond model is to encourage companies to raise their performance, stimulate early demand for advanced products, focus on specialized factor creation, and stimulate local rivalry by limiting direct cooperation and enforcing antitrust regulations (webMBA). Criticism Although Porter theory is well-know and has world wide reputation, it has a number of criticisms. Porter developed his theory based on case studies only covering about 100 industries and 10 developed countries. Therefore, it has been considered as not adoptable in developing economies. Besides, the model does not adequately concern with the role of MNCs which seems to be ample evidence that the diamond is influenced by factors outside the home country (12). Dunning commented that the competitive advantages of a country has been affected by the globalization of production and markets (Dunning, 1993). Rugman and DCruz argued that a major problem of Porters model is Porters Flawed understanding on the two-way nature of foreign direct investments (FDI) (Lee, 1998, pp15). Porter believed that only outward-FDI is valuable in creating competitive advantage, and inbound-FDI does not increase domestic competition significantly because the domestic firms lack the capability to defend their own markets and face a process of market-share erosion and decline (web). Additionally, raw materials and other resources could largely provided by international competitive supplier. Thus, related and supporting industries within a particular nation may not as important as Porters theory mentioned. (Jin and Moon, 2006) Meanwhile, Ruman and Verbeke (1993) pointed out that Porters diamond does not give a clear reason that why use national level as the geographic indicator for an industrys environment. Referring to international success, the local, regional or global level may be more suitable for particular determinants. Finally, Porters diamond is used to analyze firms condition afterward and it does not have predictive function. Particularly, the join of chance makes the model further weaken predictions (12). As a result, it is necessary to think about whether Porters theory is persuasive to the industry you are going to analyze. As Hedlund and Ridderstrale(1997) demonstrated, Bartlett and Ghoshals study was suffering from a lack of emipirical grounding. The provided ones were dispersive and not concrete enough to give a rough sketch of the research. They would mainly focus on the leading MNCs rather than a more representative sample. Meanwhile, it is also argued by Harzing(2000) that the sample size in their research was too small, that is, only nine MNCs, which would not cover all the characteristics of various MNCs integratedly. He also pointed out that in many researches, the authors failed to tick out international firms from other types of firms, including Multinational, Global and Transnational corporations. However, in several researches, international firms were simply regarded as Transnational Companies, while in others, they were referred to as low integration and low responsiveness. Therefore, whether Bartlett and Ghoshals competitive challenge theory is valid is still unknown to us. As Gtote(2002) said, in this theory, they supposed most industries may have the opportunity to become transnational firms but the degree or level varies among the three different types discussed above. There is a possibility that the costs arises from the risk of disintegration, coordination and control of a transnational company might offset the higher profit related to a transnational strategy in a multi-domestic industry. Thus, sometimes regional strategies might be more proper than global strategies to smooth competitiveness since it could be viewed as a fixed level between two countries while more vulnerable in a multi-country environment. III. Company analysis Competitive analysis of American Budget Hotel industry The hotel industry is considered as one of the most glory industry in the USA. Budget hotel sector is one of the most unique sectors in the hospitality industry which is original start in the US and exploiting to the worldwide. According to the data from American Hotel Lodging Association in 2006, the number of budget hotels in the US is about 60,000 and the average occupied rate approximately 70 percent of the U.S. hotel market. In addition, a survey of oversea tourism exhibits the proportion of revenue of budget hotels is 64% in the US hotel industry. Factor endowment It is easy to achieve each of the fundamental needed in the US due to its large land and a large amount of migrated workers. Discussing about the hospitality industry, from the human resources aspect, those migrated and unskilled workers could always support the most basic cleaning jobs in hotel and only require little wages. On the other hand, America is a nation that attracts many knowledgeable and skilled workers worldwide. In this case, the staff in management and RD departments is professional and competitive. For another aspect, indications from the USA suggest that long-term commercial success will not be achieved on price cutting or product augmentation strategies, but could be achieved on providing service quality. This strategy though may be self-defeatingsince it is likely to elevate these so-called budget hotels into the full-service sector where competition is equally intense. In that case, since the 1990s, the budget hotels in the USA are developing their services and equipment. They begin to build swimming pools, game centers, and other entertainment facilities. These kinds of innovation make the budget hotel in the US more competitive in the global market, and help the achievement for going international. In addition, budget hotels tend to located in the sides of public roads, such as highways, there is a very developed and completed transportation network which can easily link hotels and city centre. The National Highway System (NHS) covers approximately 160,000 miles (256,000 kilometers) of roadway, including the Interstate Highway System, a separate system within the NHS that the total length is about 46,837 miles (75,376km),as well as other roads, which are important to the nations economy, defense, and mobility. Besides, the high developed road network promotes the in-country travel, therefore, also contributes to the hospitality industry. Demand conditions The US has more than 300 million populations so that the potential demand of local hotels is considerable. Large proportions of the hotel roomsoccupation rate in the US are contributed from the business travel and leisure travelers. The large demand encourages the investment on this industry. Since the 1980s, there is a booming in the budget hotel sector. The intensive competition in hospitality industry drives the hotels more concern with custom services. As a result, they focus on the quality management. Quality has long been a mantra of the U.S hotel industry. Countless hotel properties have spent time and money on quality assurance, benchmarking, assessing the cost of error, continuous improvement (Quality). It is considerable that the American budget hotels are highly anticipatory worldwide. C. Related and supporting industries The hotel industry has many related and supporting industries that enable the well operation of it. They also contribute to its development and help to achieve worldwide competitive strategies. The supporting industries include: Tourism: the development of local tourism is the largest motivation for the hotel industry. Hotels, which run in the hot hit travel place, always gain more space to survival in the intensive competition. Meanwhile, the cooperation with travel agents ensures the stable customer flow. Business conferences: it brings another target customer cluster. It could also solve the problem of variation that influenced by travel season. Design and Decoration: to make each hotel be unique or consistent. The related industries include: Entertainment: televisions, network, electronic game, etc Furniture: Beds, chairs, sofas, etc Textiles : blankets, towels, carpets, uniforms, etc Firm strategy, structure and rivalry In the recent years, the American hotels focus on quality management as one of the most important competitive strategies rather than global exploiting (quality). Due to the market environment, many companies are likely to follow long-term strategies to keep or win more market share. Under the intensive competition in the US, a large number of hotel chains are taking efforts on the global market and take actions of joint venture, acquisitions and mergers. The major hotel chains in the US, such as, are more common to be multinational companies that. Domestic competition in the hotel industry in the US helps, to some extent, to promote innovation. There are mainly six levels of American hotel chains: Luxury Four Seasons, Ritz Carlton, Fairmont Upper Upscale Embassy, Hilton, Marriott, Sheraton Upscale Hilton Garden Inn, Courtyard, Crowne Plaza Mid with FB Holiday Inn, Ramada, Best Western Mid no FB Hampton Inn, HI Express, Comfort Inn Economy Motel 6, Red Roof, Days Inn According to the Hotel Development Cost Survey 2008 by Elaine Sahlins, the senior vice president of HVS San Francisco, hotels are doing effort on new room construction and room standard shift. (development cost) https://www.hospitalitynet.org/file/152003497.pdf Hotel Dvelopment Cost Survey per-Room of Cost for 2005-2007 2005 2006 2007 Luxury 1490900 1659400 1725800 Upper Upscale 373700 633700 665400 Upscale 260700 321200 337300 Midscale with FB 222700 286800 301100 Midscale w/out FB 335400 4132200 433900 Economy 121100 149200 156700 It can be seen from the table that the cost on room development is continuous increasing. Thus, the domestic intensive competition becomes a great motivation of the development for existing hotels. Because of the development, the hotel industry in the US shows more competitive in the global market. Chance and government For Chance factor, it is uncontrollable, but sometimes predictable. A good example for that is like holding the Olympics. The US has hosted four times Summer Olympics and four times Winter Olympics. Those events had largely promoted the development for both local tourism and the hotels which located around those areas. Besides, the improved technology on hotels facilities, the changes on exchange rate, etc, could bring more chances to the industry. These chances may help companies to gain competitive advantages among the rivals. However, these advantages are changeable. If hotels do not innovate and make improvement, their will loose their own position by not catch those chances. Meanwhile, the influence from government is also hard to neglect. For instance, Financial Preferential Policy to companies benefits each American firm from the taxation aspect. Such kinds of policies on taxation, education, shareholder policy could bring the American companies many benefits. On the other hand, the influence from the government sometimes blocks the pace of companies. As mentioned above, the local tourism makes great and unavoidable impact on hotel industry. For example, from the figure, it is obvious that during the years from 2001 to 2003, there was a shape decrease of the room demand. The reason for that may be larger related to the 911 issue. During that period, the American government began to control the inflow passages so that make the tourism met a decline. Consequently, it embroiled the hotel industry indirectly. Challenges analysis competitive challenge: exploit labor costs by national differences to achieve efficiency; Business effectiveness is key, partly fuelled by a pay portfolio designed to reward and retain high performers, she says. Competitive advantage through people and a focus on performance indicators are absolute. Significant growth in product distribution and profitability has been achieved in the three regional divisions of the Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa, and Asia-Pacific. Strong hotel occupancy levels are reported, along with lower-than-average labour turnover rates, the latter a key performance indicator for the sector. a wide range of orientation (different types of inns) provides economies of scope and flexibilities; servicing multinational customer worldwide; Upgrades. Given this environment, the stated position of Holiday was to concentrate on upgrading existing properties rather than expansion. Holiday focused marketing efforts on its traditional niche of business, leisure, senior, government, and military segments and believed that upgrading hotels in these chosen markets would do more for increasing dominance than growth could alone. By 1991, every Holiday Inn would have upgraded all guest rooms, public space, parking lots, and landscaping. As a result, high performance role models were constructed and refined on the basis of nine core competencies of value to the organization. Seven were initially piloted at headquarters before group-wide implementation: (1) Customer service orientation. Understanding and acting on the needs of others to better serve them. (2) Flexibility: being able to adapt and work effectively in varied groups and situations. (3) Commitment to organizational values. Acting consistently, in accordance with corporate values and standards. (4) Achievement orientation. A desire for improved performance, challenging objectives, and standards of excellence. (5) Initiative and proactivity. Self-motivation, persistence and going beyond the job description for potential outcomes. (6) Organizational influence. Influencing others effectively. (7) Creative problem solving. Identifying patterns in problem situations that are not obviously related and achieving solutions. Innovation Says Carol E. Chapman: We decided to pilot at headquarters for two reasons: each competency had to be tested for clarity before rollout to business units, as each had varying job populations and cultures. Four functional categories were developed administrative/ support; professional/technical; managerial/supervisory; and executive each with different standards of expected competence. We wanted to make sure that performance correlated with the position in each job category and opportunities for demonstrating competence in the organization. In effect, she explains, this gives a correlation reality check for any competence expected level of performance and opportunity to demonstrate these competencies. A competency-based pay programme, piloted at corporate headquarters in 1991 and cascaded within 18 months throughout the entire complement of around 200 company owned and managed hotels and numerous franchises, became a critical link between new human resource (HR) and remuneration strategies and those of business. Though the programme was innovative and effective for its 30,000 employees, Carol E. Chapman, director of Compensation and Benefits, remarks that it was then perceived as a one-off real driver of change. On reflection, it was just a forerunner of others to come which emanate from a redefined and everwidening HR agenda. (1) Business strategy: Achieve preferred hotel brand; Improve operational results for premium returns; Restructure to provide high-quality, costeffective services; Hotel base growth to expand brand and product distribution; and Explore new strategic advantages. (2) HR strategy: Become the preferred hotel employer worldwide; Ensure recruitment, selection and training systems attract higher quality employees; Devise organizational structures to achieve business potential and empower employees; Develop a performance-oriented culture which motivates and retains employees. (3) Remuneration strategy: Devise a total remuneration programme to utilize all forms of compensation and benefits; Provide competitive schemes to attract, retain and motivate new employees; Ensure that critical positions and superior performance earn higher remuneration levels; and Develop a programme related to qualitative and quantitative results. Over the last 20 years there were certainly mixed opinions about actions the company took, such as: Entering the gaming business; Establishing new product segments with their potential for severe competition and violations of territorial integrity; Decentralizing corporate operations; Proposing increases in franchise fees; Demanding different quality standards for company-owned and franchisee-owned properties; Failing to impose sufficiently high quality standards on franchisees in a uniform and timely manner Creating Holiday Inn Express (by HIWW); and Failing to maintain adequate communications between the company and franchisees. Says Carol E. Chapman: We decided to pilot at headquarters for two reasons: each competency had to be tested for clarity before rollout to business units, as each had varying job populations and cultures. Four functional categories were developed administrative/support; professional/technical; managerial/supervisory; and executive each with different standards of expected competence. We wanted to make sure that performance correlated with the position in each job category and opportunities for demonstrating competence in the organization. In effect, she explains, this gives a correlation reality check for any competence expected level of performance and opportunity to demonstrate these competencies.

Polyfest in Auckland - 666 Words

Auckland is home to a number of different cultures which make it a â€Å"super-diverse† city and houses several different festivals and events to celebrate these different cultures. This essay is on Polyfest, which is a secondary school dance festival showcasing the different cultures in Auckland. Firstly, I will discuss Polyfest’s long history that makes it the important event that it is today. Secondly, the event itself is a huge event with different stages all over the area and I will explain the form it takes that makes it such a â€Å"BIG† event. Finally, I will describe its social significance that makes it one of the most anticipated annual events of the year. Polyfest first began in the year 1976 at Hillary College in Otara by students, Michael Rollo and Mata Raela along with staff members, Mr Bill Tawhai, Mr Hon and Mrs Heni Green who all predicted the events success. The reason for this event was so that students could showcase their cultural identity and heritage as well as a reason to bring different schools and cultures together. Starting first at Hilary College, Otara in 1976, the event developed into an exciting annual event and moved between different schools for many years. The event became a quick success as each year saw more schools being involved and more groups with their own cultures taking part, so when the event was hosted in Hillary College again in 1981, there were 26 schools involved with 2 stages. Once again in 1991, when the event came back to HillaryShow MoreRelatedNative Zealand And New Zealand1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdisasters. Theme 4: New Home Rev, William Grill, From Darkness to light in Polynesia, 1894, The religious tract society, London. S Percy Smith (1910) Records that when the Cook Isaland people arrived in New Zealand most of them settled in Auckland or Wellington, mainly taking up manual work. Several hundred also worked on farms in Hawkes Bay. The Cook Island people earned such good reputation as reliable, hard workers. George Angus (1973) discovers by mid 1960s a few Cook Islanders had begun

Top Six Teacher Duties to Complete Every Day

Final Reflection Planning Commentary Essay - 1076 Words

PHED 3670 Final Reflection Planning Commentary My college students were between the ages of 20 and 25. The class had prior knowledge of what occurs in a Health Physical Education classroom and some had even played a sport before. Moreover, my students had a high maturity level and knew to wear appropriate athletic wear. The prerequisites for this class was balance, coordination, leg strength, physical abilities, and developmental readiness. They were learning to play a variety of sports such as pickle ball, soccer, volleyball, and shot put. My students’ everyday experiences consisted of some form of physical activity being that they were majoring in Health Physical Education. All of my students were born in America and spoke English. Majority were either Christians or Catholics, however, religious was never discussed in the classroom setting. Likewise, majority if not all had a love for the games of football, basketball and badminton. The sports football and basketball is a part of their culture based on their geographical location. In order to plan my lessons, I used resources like PE Central, Openphysed.org, Teaching Physical Education for Learning, and YouTube. I identified my planning needs by using a lesson plan template. If I were to plan a curricular unit, it would be essential for the students to either have an interest or prior knowledge of the sport. The central focus would be being physically active while learning and improving on the skills. Notably, in myShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Key Components Of Assessing Student Learning900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe edTPA requires to reach a level 5 score. The second component is to think about how to provide meaningful feedback to students. As it is evident, providing students with a â€Å"great job† commentary as feedback is as equally unuseful as providing them with a â€Å"badly done† commentary. Both of those commentaries lack details on what was doner righ or wrong, and they would be meaningless to students. Intead, the edTPA is open to detailed feedback in written, visual, or audio forms. Teachers can giveRead MoreQuestions On Assessing Student Learning978 Words   |  4 Pagesunder rubric 11–analysis of student learning. The second component is to think about how to provide meaningful feedback to students. As it is evident, providing students with a â€Å"great job† commentary as feedback is as equally unuseful as providing them with a â€Å"badly done† commentary. Both of those commentaries lack details on what was done righ or wrong, and they would be meaningless to students. Isntead, the edTPA is open to detailed feedback in written, visual, or audio forms. Teachers can giveRead MoreThe Events Of The Students916 Words   |  4 Pagesthe allotted time. Task 5 Reflection Commentary 1. When you consider the content learning of your students and the development of their academic language, what do you think explains the learning or differences in learning that you observed during the learning segment? Cite relevant research or theory that explains what you observed. (See Planning Commentary, prompt # 2.) (TPEs 7, 8, 13) All in all, I am proud of my students’ learning this unit. In the final assessment, 76% of the studentsRead MoreMedical Director For Ems Hospitals For Observation That Provide Different Shift Patterns1195 Words   |  5 Pagesclarifies questions, information needs and the final product format, and assigns roles and specific tasks so that all participants understand what is expected of them. The study is being built in accordance with cultural norms (allocation problem formulation problematic issue, posing the problem of research, etc.); involves a greater or lesser degree of ownership of the language and subject language meta-levels (description language research, language reflection on the procedures of research)(Creswell,Read MoreMassage5238 Words   |  21 PagesGuidelines for candidates These take the form of handouts which cover: 1 2 3 4 The investigation as a whole Planning Stage Developing Stage Evaluation Stage Handouts 1 and 2 could be distributed at the start of the investigation while the other two could be given to students once they completed the previous stage of their investigation and are ready to embark on the next part of the process. If desired, all could be handed out at the start of the investigation. Investigation In order to successfullyRead MoreThe Relationship Of A Young Working Class Hairdresser2206 Words   |  9 Pagescontext of 70’s England, and reflects the significant issues of that time, such as an economic gloom, with widespread inflation, low productivity, militant trade unionism and frequent strikes. Within the poem â€Å"A life† by Sylvia Plath is mainly a commentary poem illustrating how an individual’s life is split in two, one half revolving around society and the other half symbolising anything outside of the conformist nature of society. Throughout the play of Educating Rita, readers are first introducedRead MoreWorkplace Citizenship8908 Words   |  36 Pagesresources 10 Assignments 11 Overview of assignments 11 Submission of assignments 11 Extensions late submission 12 Grading guidelines 12 Copying plagiarism 13 Assignment 1 – Learning Reflections 14 Assignment 2 – Annotated Bibliography 16 Assignment 3 – PowerPoint Presentation 20 Assignment 4 – Final Essay 22 Your feedback 25 Student Evaluation of Learning and Teaching (SELT) 25 Support services and resources 25 External student information 25 Students with disabilities 25 AcademicRead MoreModule 3 : Planning For Instruction1790 Words   |  8 PagesModule 3: Planning for Instruction I will learn about and apply instructional strategies designed to deepen student understanding of new content. As a result, students will incorporate this deeper understanding into problem-solving strategies resulting in improved ability to solve multistep, open-ended problems. I intentionally employ a mix of instructional strategies in the classroom in order to give my students a variety of opportunities in which to engage themselves and each other with new contentRead Moreen1320 graded assignments 11131313296 Words   |  54 PagesExploration 9 Unit 2 Assignment 1: Change of Audience—Letter to Peer 10 Unit 2 Assignment 2: Topic, Angle, and Purpose 11 Unit 2 Assignment 3: Genre Essay—Memoir or Profile 12 Unit 3 Assignment 1: Revising the Memoir or Profile 13 Unit 3 Assignment 2: Reflection on Essay Writing 14 Unit 3 Exercise 1: Analyzing Paragraphs 15 Unit 3 Exercise 2: Guided Reading 16 Unit 4 Lab 1: Revised and Polished Essay—Memoir or Profile 21 Unit 4 Project Part 1: Team Roles and Selection of Materials for Analysis 22 Unit 4Read MoreHow Effective Communication And An Appropriate Leadership Style2195 Words   |  9 Pagescohesive unit, both ‘climbs’ enabled students to realistically experience the dynamics of an organized team, and the challenges which it may face. This report serves as an individual reflection on the Everest Simulation experience, while also critically analyzing the concept of communication and leadership. This reflection highlights how effective communication and an appropriate leadership style can not only significantly influence the outcome of the task, but also alter team dynamics and methods of

Application of Clinical Pychology - 1243 Words

Application of Clinical Pychology PSY/480 Application of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychologist are often treating people with mental illness and patients who suffer from severe psychiatric disorders. Clinical psychologist are involved with helping people with abnormal behavior and who may be suffering from psychological distress. Patients are often individualized by psychological, biological and social factors of their case. Clinical psychologist work very close with their patients to help assess and diagnose which psychological disorder they are suffering from. Case Overview As we examine the case of Martha, who suffers from severe depression and borderline personality disorder, a clinical psychologist uses the Rorschach†¦show more content†¦Major depression and borderline personal disorders both indorse negative and inaccurate thinking. Therefore, the psychologist may suggest that Martha prove the validity of her thoughts and beliefs. Each patient is different, but the psychologist will ensure that his or her techniques and strategies align with Martha’s needs and will foster the goals he, and she established (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In choosing who would be involved in the intervention process for Martha’s treatment is important. The choice is clear that Martha’s father should be involved in the process as Martha only chose to seek further help because of her psychiatrist and father. There are also factors that need to be considered in Martha’s intervention such as â€Å"The patient may have a biological or genetic predisposition to depression and other affective or mood disorders. The patient’s mother, father, siblings, grandparents, and/or other relatives may also have depressive disorders.†Plante T. G. (2011). In having Martha’s father be a part of her intervention process it can be assessed if the depression comes from this type of effect in her seeking to attain help. Having Martha’s father present can also help with other issues in treatment. Her father may be able to help with the issues which can be as â€Å"The patient also inevitably experiences psychol ogical concerns related to the depression. Low self-esteem, hopelessness, loss of pleasure in activities and relationships,

Hygiene and Handling of Food at the Buffet-Samples for Students

Question: You have been appointed as the food safety supervisor in a restaurant which is planning to start a new self-service food service (buffet) and the management has asked you to file a report about the staff and customer practices you think that can impact on the food safety. Answer: Displaying of food (chilled / hot and ambient) Buffets displays cold, hot and ambient foods kept at room temperature where it is essential to keep a close eye on the temperature and time. Hot foods The hot foods should be kept at an internal temperature of 60 degree Celsius or 140 F or warmer. The food is served hot in slow cookers, chafing dishes and warming trays by using a food thermometer for checking. The temperature should be checked every 2 hours by using a calibrated food thermometer. It should be noted that some warming trays can hold food only at 110F to 120F and therefore, it should be checked that trays could hold foods up to 140F or warmer that keep away the bacteria called Temperature Danger Zone. Egg and related dishes like souffls or quiches require re-heating temperature to 165F before serving (Ali 2014). Cold foods It is important to serve cold foods in buffet at 40F or colder and keep them refrigerated until it is served. If any food item is going to be displayed on buffet table for more than 2 hours, the plate containing cold foods should be placed on ice to retain the chillness. Cold foods in buffet should be kept cool enough to avoid growth of bacteria or harmful pathogens on it. Ice serves as the best way to keep buffet foods cool. The proteins need to be kept cold like beans, meat and dairy products (Fda.gov 2018). Ambient foods Shelf-stable foods need to be stored safely at room temperature in sealed container. These foods are normally stored in refrigerator, however they can be processed to store them safely at ambient or room temperature for long shelf life. The ambient temperature glass cabinets or display cases are used to store ambient food items like sauces, breads and other condiments. Self service and refilling of food In context to self-service in buffet, the food staff should monitor the way customers or clients use self-service equipment for checking that food is not being contaminated. Controls and monitoring is important in self-service, as food should be served quickly after preparation. The staff who supervise self-service at displays should possess appropriate knowledge and skills for the tasks. One staff must be assigned for monitoring guests and eliminating food safety threat like reusing utensils and plates. The supervision should be maintained in a way that customers should not feel alarmed or uncomfortable. The customer service skills should be good enough to ensure that staffs are not intrusive. There should be separate clean utensils to take food on display and should monitor that customers use them so that contamination is minimized. The single-use items should be kept in dispensers as it minimizes contamination and reduce waste. There should be hand sanitizer in dispensers at self- service buffet and sanitize surfaces by separate cloths and sanitizing solutions (Skov et al. 2013). The refilling of water at buffet is done when the container is less than one-quarter and old container should be removed replacing it. The food should not be combined between new and old containers and place enough drinking filled glasses at all times. Buffet inserts should be refilled in pantry or kitchen and not in the outlet and refills should take place until 15 minutes before closing of buffet so that presentation is up to standard in regards to food cost (Sakaguchi, Pak and Potts 2018). Hygiene in the buffet area Buffet offers variety of dishes and food for gratifying palate of customers with assorted preferences. However, food at buffet is exposed to environment and face difficulty in controlling food temperature. Therefore, it is important to maintain hygiene and quality while enjoying sumptuous meal at the buffet. The buffet area should be cleaned three to four times at the pre opening and after closing of buffet. It is important to sanitize the surface areas like tabletops, bar tops, crockery and cutlery that customers comes in direct contact. At the buffet, there should be safe handling of food by staff by using proper gloves, clean clothing and hairnets that maintain overall hygiene. There should be proper hand washing and sanitizing by employees after every three hours on duty. The unused and leftover for more than 2 hours should be thrown away from buffet facility and remove utensils that become contaminated and replenish with fresh ones (Oyewole 2013). Contamination issues Cross-contamination is the biggest issue in buffet when an individual touches food item or utensil with unclean hands that results in spreading viruses or bacteria to others who is exposed to that particular utensil or food. The self-service buffet greatly invites cross-contamination issues that transfer disease-causing microorganisms through food via direct contact or dripping contaminated liquid on food. In addition, there should be proper food temperature maintenance as temperatures between 40 F and 140 F cause bacteria or virus to grow and multiply rapidly increasing chances of illness to customers (Hattersley and King 2014). Crockery and cutlery Presentation is essential in buffet catering and crockery helps in complimenting the food at display. The combination of interesting colours and shapes gives an exciting experience through ceramic, wood and glass materials in the catering crockery. The centre dishes have maximum effect and use of rubber pedestals on elevated dishes adds alternate heights to buffet table. A range of cups, plates, tableware and bowls that is used extensively at the buffet table. Buffet display equipments comprises of display baskets, chafing dishes and display trays that help to present food to customers in a professional and stylish manner (Andrews 2013). Disposable materials used The materials comprises of tabletop disposables, paper napkins, plastic plates, stirrers and straws, foam and paper disposables, cardboard, foil, paper and drink containers that goes to recycle bin. Recycled paper and plastic products should be used that are biodegradable in nature. Disposing the waste material Food waste can be recycled depending on its nature as vegetable and fruit peelings, leftovers at buffet and post-consumer are recycled. Grease-trap sludge and meat cut are not generally accepted. Aerobic windrow composting or hot composting is used in Australia where food waste is mixed with organics like paper or wood chips forming windrows. In-vessel composting is also used for aerobic decomposition that is similar to windrow compositing (Reynolds, Piantadosi and Boland 2015). References Ali, F.A., 2014.Food serving assembly. U.S. Patent 8,869,789. Andrews, S., 2013.Food and beverage service: A training manual. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Fda.gov. 2018.Serving Up Safe Buffets. [online] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm328131.htm [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Hattersley, S. and King, R., 2014. CateringHow to Keep Allergic Consumers Happy and Safe. InRisk management for food allergy(pp. 189-200). Oyewole, P., 2013. Multiattribute dimensions of service quality in the all-you-can-eat buffet restaurant industry.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,22(1), pp.1-24. Reynolds, C.J., Piantadosi, J. and Boland, J., 2015. Rescuing food from the organics waste stream to feed the food insecure: an economic and environmental assessment of Australian food rescue operations using environmentally extended waste input-output analysis.Sustainability,7(4), pp.4707-4726. Sakaguchi, L., Pak, N. and Potts, M.D., 2018. Tackling the issue of food waste in restaurants: Options for measurement method, reduction and behavioral change.Journal of Cleaner Production. Skov, L.R., Lourenco, S., Hansen, G.L., Mikkelsen, B.E. and Schofield, C., 2013. Choice architecture as a means to change eating behaviour in self?service settings: a systematic review.Obesity Reviews,14(3), pp.187-196.

Title free essay sample

The first 5 marks are based on your tutor’s monitoring of your contributions to the TGF discussions associated with B120 Book 2. Your tutor will introduce these at the appropriate time. We expect you to participate in all TGF discussions for Book 2. If your tutor does not feel you have participated in at least two of these, the 5 marks will be lost. The second 5 marks for Part II are based on another piece of work which will be a short report you will submit in the same file as Part 1 of the TMA, at the end. This will be a brief summary of one of the TGF discussions relating to Book 2 and what you have learned from it. It should not be any longer than 200 words. Remember that you must submit this short report at the end of your TMA through the eTMA system. demonstrate your understanding of HRM ideas by being able to show how they are relevant and useful to a particular example. We will write a custom essay sample on Title or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This part of the TMA is worth 30 marks. Part (d) The final part of the TMA asks you to perform a simple web-based information search about the concept you have chosen and to present information succinctly. You need to include the URLs, the date the websites were accessed and why you chose them, and also state how trustworthy this information is to gain the full 5 marks available. 3. 4 TMA 02 Part II Part II of TMA 02 is worth the other 10 marks (the TMA is marked out of a total of 100). The first 5 marks are based on your tutor’s monitoring of your contributions to the TGF discussions associated with B120 Book 2. Your tutor will introduce these at the appropriate time. We expect you to participate in all TGF discussions for Book 2. If your tutor does not feel you have participated in at least two of these, the 5 marks will be lost. The second 5 marks for Part II are based on another piece of work which will be a short report you will submit in the same file as Part 1 of the TMA, at the end. This will be a brief summary of one of the TGF discussions relating to Book 2 and what you have learned from it. It should not be any longer than 200 words. Remember that you must submit this short report at the end of your TMA through the eTMA system.

The Doctrine of Ijma

Table of Contents Ijma as a source of jurisprudence in Islamic banks Modern views regarding ijma Various limitations of ijma as a source of Shariah Findings Conclusions Recommendations Reference Ijma as a source of jurisprudence in Islamic banks As noted by Farooq (2006), Ijma is an Arabic word with two meanings. One of the meanings is to determine while the other is to agree upon something. This word has usage both in the hadith and in the Quran. The author further states that the Sunnah and the Qur’an are foundational sources, while qiyas and ijma are derivative sources. Ijma plays a critical role in the lives of Muslims from a socio-religious perspective because it helps to promote integration. Ijma has become a significant source of influence on many religious issues. In the past, Muslims regulated all their religious doctrines through ijma, which meant that disapproving it amounted to digression. The wide recognition of the concept shows that it is possible to integra te it in Islamic banks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Doctrine of Ijma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern views regarding ijma The emergence of numerous schools of jurisprudence (also known as madhabs) plays a critical role in promoting ijma. Besides, Muslims have appreciated that some of these constituting beliefs signify a systematization of the approach, including the various laws, views and regulations. The doctrine of ijma is critical because it helps to regulate the actions of Muslims. Diversity in terms of thinking, as well as providing room for disagreement represents some of the modern views on the issue. These positive moves are essential because they signify dynamism in many ways. However, the modern Muslim thinkers thought it advantageous that broad agreement should prevail in all madhabs with regard to the various facets of customs and worship (Farooq, 2006). Various limitations of ijma as a source of Shariah One of the most notable limitations of ijma is that there is no consensus regarding the source of authority of the various issues surrounding it. In addition, distinguished intellectuals have made several claims that the concept of ijma does not have its foundations on the Quran. Besides, both the hadith and Quran have not been compellingly accepted as the foundation of ijma, which then raises doubts regarding the foundation of its authority. Outstanding academics such as al-Amidi have made serious claims that ijma is probabilistic, which raises doubt regarding its reliability. In addition, Farooq (2006) provides a long list of the issues in which there is no consensus. Findings The findings of this report indicate that while Ijma plays a vital role in the lives of Muslims, some sections of people in that community highly criticize it. Although ijma is a derivative (secondary) source, it helps to promote integration among Muslims. The modern views on the issue signify appreciation for some of its constituting beliefs. Modern views on the issue also reveal diversity in terms of thinking, which is positive because it suggests enthusiasm in some way. The report has also noted a number of limitations regarding ijma that prevent its acceptance across the board. Notable scholars have criticized ijma, which weakens its credibility (Farooq, 2006). Conclusions Ijma is a highly influential concept among the Muslims. The concept has usage in both the hadith and in the Qur’an, which explains its influential role among Muslims. Although modern views regarding the concept are positive, the various limitations have a considerable influence on its applicability as a source of Shariah in Islamic Banks (Farooq, 2006). In the first place, there is no consensus regarding its meaning. Secondly, the various claims by different scholars regarding its foundation also contribute in weakening its acceptance in Islamic Banks. Recommendations This report pre sents the following recommendations to ensure the acceptance of ijma as a source of Shariah in Islamic Banks (Farooq, 2006): There is a need for consensus on the meaning of the concept There is also a need to identify the parties to the agreement to avoid uncertainty Comprehensive measures are necessary to determine the level of competency that should apply to the participants of ijma As Banks usually require some level of certainty, measures such as identifying the scope and period covered are indispensable There is also the need to define the meaning and scope of other terms closely associated with ijma. Reference Farooq, M. O. (2006). The doctrine of Ijma: Is there a consensus? [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on The Doctrine of Ijma was written and submitted by user Arielle Harper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Essay Forms That You Should Write in Classroom and in Essay Samples

The Essay Forms That You Should Write in Classroom and in Essay SamplesThe importance of writing a good essay should not be underestimated in terms of college admission. And the same goes for any other written document that needs to get accepted by an exam panel.Students who pass the entrance exams are tested on a large number of essays need to have an excellent quality if they want to get good grades. College admission panels take into account a number of factors while giving grades. Good performance in admissions tests is one of the first factors that gets weighed in the assessment. It is no different when it comes to a student writing an essay.One thing that all students must remember is that there is no such thing as a standardized essay. A good one will help in getting better grades than the other. Essays come in different forms. Here are some sample essays that you can use to practice.This is the most common thing that an essay writer will write. He or she needs to give a short summary of the main points of the essay. It is not possible to write an essay like this in class, but once you have mastered it then you will definitely be able to. Give each paragraph a few paragraphs to flesh out the main points and make the essay look more organized.The idea behind this essay is to provide information about the background of the topic. It is also important to give some facts on why the writer thinks a certain way on the subject and why he or she thinks it needs to be discussed. It is difficult to write this type of essay but once you get the hang of it then you will be able to achieve the aim of it.It is necessary to use this essay to highlight the student's strengths. If the student writes this way then he or she has the right attitude towards academic matters. This essay will make him or her look more appealing to the faculty and this will help in getting higher grades. The essay should be well structured so that the student gets all the tips needed for this t ype of essay and some practice too.This type of essay requires quite a bit of research because of the nature of the topic. If the essay writer can provide facts about the topic, it will go a long way in making him or her more attractive to the faculty. This type of essay is also less likely to get rejected. All that a student needs to do is read the news and research into the topic and they will soon be through.This is the best way to practice for writing an essay in a class. The writer will have to show a strong grasp of the topic. Once the student has learned the task correctly, they can begin writing it at home and will soon learn to write well. Again, the composition is less complicated and helps in making the student more appealing.

Are you scared to track your progress on your 2017 goals

Are you scared to track your progress on your 2017 goals At the beginning of last week, I received a letter in the mail – from myself. I had written it three months ago at a quarterly planning day with ActionCOACH, and I knew it was a cheerleading letter asking me how I was doing with my  goals  for the quarter. I let the unopened letter sit on my dining room table, my repository for mail I’m avoiding. I was afraid I would discover that I  hadnt made any progress on  the things I said I would do. In fact, I was fairly well on track, and felt encouraged. This experience gave me some strength as I went back to look at my New Year’s â€Å"Ressaylutions† for 2017. I’ve honestly been dreading looking back at my New Year’s Resolutions, because I’ve had a more challenging year than expected, and thought I would be reminded of all the things I promised to do and didn’t get done. Does this sound familiar? I could have not looked, but I have a tradition of sharing my progress at this time of year. It keeps me honest. So, dear reader, here’s my list of resolutions from January, along with a report on how 2017 has been going so far. 1. Publish the 14th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, updated with the new face of LinkedIn. It turns out I can’t count so well, and the next edition is actually the 13th! That said, I have been furiously editing How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, and I expect to release the 13th edition within a month. Unfortunately, the recommendations section is under construction, so I’m being held up by that. In the meantime, if you have ideas about how to get the word out, I’d love to hear them! Here’s just a taste of what’s new in the 13th edition: Revised images and instructions throughout to match LinkedIns new redesign Update on which features have really disappeared and which have moved Mobile-specific instructions Special advice from a past recruiter How to create an All-Star profile The new face of LinkedIn Jobs And that’s just some of the changes. I think you’ll love the new edition and intend for it to be the best, most up-to-date LinkedIn book available on line! 2. Publish a trade edition of How to Write a WINNING Resume It turns out the trade edition will be of How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume. I negotiated a contract with Skyhorse Publishing to create a trade edition of this book, geared toward executives. I just received the edited manuscript last week and sent my response back to the publisher. We’re on our way! 3. Launch Writely, a Client Management Portal In an effort to improve communications for both writers and clients, I moved all client communications over to Writely. While I succeeded in following through with my resolution, I quickly determined that Writely was not the solution I needed. In fact, while the program helped to solve some issues, it also created a lot of them, and I simply could not justify the cost. In the end, I reversed my decision and went back to InfusionSoft. I may revisit this one next year. 4. Find that editor. I identified two possible editors to do some of the work to bring The Essay Expert’s resumes to the high standards I hold. Then volume slowed for the first half of the year, so I only worked with one of the editors on a couple of projects. As volume increases, I look forward to having some of the editing portion of our work done by these talented women! 5. Write a marketing plan – including SEO enhancements While I did not write a marketing plan, I did make progress with some new strategies, including my favorite: starting to wish my LinkedIn connections Happy Birthday! I think all contact is good contact, and it keeps The Essay Expert top of mind. I reached out to some past connections as well, and I sent out an announcement about an upcoming price increase. I believe all these steps increased brand awareness for The Essay Expert. Probably the most effective step I’ve taken is the new way I’m holding conversations with new clients. I’m taking more time and being more consistent in these conversations, and I think a greater sense of trust is resulting. 6. Explore the possibility of moving to the East Coast I took a trip to New York and New Haven in May, and had a great time! I’ll probably go to explore more in October. Stay tuned! Have you looked back at your 2017 resolutions in order to track your progress? How are they going so far? Are they realistic or might you want to adjust them so you can succeed? Please share – putting your promise and progress out to someone else creates accountability and makes it more likely that you will stay on track. Here’s to finishing up the year proud of your achievements, and content with your course corrections. Let’s all finish the year strong!

Rioting in American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rioting in American Society - Essay Example Hysteria on this level was a mass-ecstasy of panic, through which later psychologists interpreted that individuals shed their exhibitions and released repressed thought energy through violent activity in a type of trance – many mob participants were allegedly â€Å"seized† by some force they identify as coming from outside of themselves and overtaking them, causing the person to commit acts of violence or lust that would not ordinarily be even within the threshold of their annual conscious awareness. This is similar in experience and description as possessions reported by ethnographers and anthropologists with ritualistic religions. The psychology of crowds and mass persuasion has steadily advanced since the time of Mackay, yet there are still no explanations for these aspects of human experience from psychology that really explain with any certainty what is occurring in the dynamics of the group mind, or if a group mind even exists. If it does exist, the concept should shatter our commonly held assumptions about individuality and the autonomy of being. Yet if it is not something we can consciously experience, or that happens on cue, it cannot be replicated or tested. Even wildfires, tornados, and hurricanes have a set of evolving principals describing their behavior that are accepted as scientifically valid. Crowd dynamics, as a science, and group psychology can combine to collect evidence on riot situations when they occur in modern times and research historical records of riots to see if they can find patterns and rules of behavior in chaos. Thus a question arises as to whether or not a riot can be organized, for if it is organized in advance it would simply be an attack on a location and not an eruption of primal chaos and the group mind. We need then to discover if there is a valid method of judging the difference between these two situations. From this we can posit the first distinguishing characteristic of

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

Total Quality Management - Essay Example TQM was wielded into a coherent operating philosophy in Japan in the 1950s in its search for better methods to stimulate product quality. Its wisdom and usefulness caught the interest of W. Edward Deming and Joseph Juran who in the 1960s weaved into the Japanese concept their own ideas of quality generation. The TQM strategy was thus enriched by Deming’s statistical process control and Juran’s teamwork and plan-do-check-action concepts. In 1962, all three quality circles combined as TQM was registered with the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers as a workable concept of organizational process. By the 1980s, when Japan was rising as a global economic power, TQM was picked up by US and European companies.It was institutionalized in 1988 with the establishment of the European Foundation of Quality Management and has since become the basis for the granting of such quality achievement awards as the International Standards Organization. To implement TQM successfully, a n organization must bring its eight key elements into play.These are ethics, integrity and trust, which serve as the TQM basic foundation; training, teamwork and leadership which act as the building blocks; recognition as the roof; and communication as the binding mortar. Based on the strong foundation of ethics, integrity and trust, the building blocks of training, teamwork and leadership are set in place to reach the roof of recognition. Communication then binds all the elements together to work for the accomplishment of the TQM objectives. In so doing, there are three things to consider: the cost of quality, the counsel of quality gurus, and customer satisfaction. I. Cost of Quality The cost of quality is the extra time, effort and money spent by a company for preventing poor-quality products or services from reaching the consumers. In the words of Crosby, P. (1979), it is the price to pay for non-conformance. The cost of poor quality (Juran, J.,1988). As such, the cost of quality is distinguished from the company's expense on raw material, production and labor in that it involves, for the most part, activities on reworks, returns and customer complaints. There are four known types of quality cost: 1. External failure cost - this is associated with defects found after the customer receives the product, the cost incurred in processing customer complaints, returns, recalls and warranty claims. 2. Internal failure cost - the cost of quality associated with defects found before the customer receives the product, which is spent mostly on scrap, rework, re-inspection, re-testing, material review and material downgrade

Performance Elements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance Elements - Assignment Example In Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, it contains heavy dialogue which limits direction to the initial scene settings, and also limits the vocal or expressive cues for the different characters. It is thus suggested that if any of the performance elements were removed, it will leave the story’s performance suggested or with an understood tone on the dialogue which enables the reader to identify the various missing elements partly due to the logical progression of the story (Jago, Shea and Scanlon, 2011) On the other hand, The C Above the C Above High C provides more details in the plot and character development by using different performance elements such as background action, sub-scenes, visual cues, and even shifting the timeline. If any of these elements were to be removed and depend entirely on the dialogue, the play would result in a total confusing state (Wilde, 1885). This play also include political statements, symbolism as well as satire many of which will be lost if dialogue alone is employed. Symbolism and irony can be cited where Louis apply a facial cream and appears â€Å"white† though he is fairly dark but seen as very black among the rising black entertainers, and accepted by both the white and black community (Jago, Shea and Scanlon, 2011) Therefore, The C Above the C Above High C play is considered to be more in depth for the readers due to the different elements applied, hence giving the reader the ability to picture the play on the stage which lacks in the Wildes work of The Importance of Being Earnest which is heavily dialogued (Reed,

The Value of Narrative in Ceremony Essay -- Ceremony Essays

The Value of Narrative in Ceremony      Ã‚   The story is the most powerful and most compelling form of human expression in Leslie Marmon Silko's novel Ceremony. Stories reside within every part of every thing; they are essentially organic. Stories are embedded with the potential to express the sublime strength of humanity as well as the dark heart and hunger for self destruction. The process of creating and interpreting stories is an ancient, ongoing, arduous, entangled, but ultimately rewarding experience. As Tayo begins to unravel his own troubled story and is led and is led toward this discovery, the reader is also encouraged on a more expansive level to undertake a similar interpretive journey. Each story is inextricably bound to a virtually endless narrative chain. While reaching an epiphanal moment, a moment of complete clarity, l is by no means guaranteed, by presenting Tayo as an example, Silko at least suggests there is fundamental worth in pursuing and creating stories.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Silko counsels that the story's potential for good or ill should not be easily discounted or dismissed. She seems to understand all too well that human beings house both virtuous and vicious impulses; our stories are infused with both the sinister and the sublime. There is a unifying, mythical or archetypal realm which exists just beyond the scope of individual consciousness. Stories are tethered to and wound around this insubstantial place, and the power of each story is firmly rooted in this connection.   The novel, presented as a series of disjointed, possibly problematic, narrative frames, attempts to draw attention to this fact. "...no word exists alone, and the reason for choosing each word had to be explained with a stor... ...toward the close of the novel that "He had only heard and seen the world as it had always was: no boundaries, only transitions through all distances and time" (246). Ironically, though these transitions, changes in the specific vernacular or ritual may be significant from generation to generation, the underlying theme remains constant: we are inseparable from the universe. "I already heard these stories before... only thing is the names sound different" (260). Within the self imposed boundaries of the text, each story creates new space for thoughts and emotions which are common to the human condition. Perhaps because the story houses the possibility for our ultimate destruction or redemption, Silko describes the story, its creation, its meaning, as the defining moment of humanity.    Work Cited: Silko, Leslie Marmon. Ceremony. New York: Penguin Books, 1977.

Disipline in Schools Essay

The definitions of ‘violence’, ‘bullying’ and ‘indiscipline clearly incorporate a wide range of behaviors which can alter depending on both the context within which the behaviors are enacted, and, indeed, with whom they are directed towards. Discipline in schools is now passing through an extended eclipse. The problem of indiscipline permeates all facets of our life. It has, in fact brought us down to the knees Each day there are thousands of kids who go to school and get picked on in some way or another. Those same kids will probably come home and tell nobody about the pain that they are going through inside. There are numerous causes and solutions for this problem that we are facing in our schools. One main cause is that those doing the discipline problems suffer from bad parenting. I believe that parents need to be responsible for their children. They’re the ones who raised the child and filled them with their beliefs of what’s right and wrong. When a principle calls home about a child misbehaving and the parents do nothing , that just lets the child know that it’s alright for him or her to do it again. The parents will cause the child to form the mindset that he or she can do it again because they know that they won’t get reprimanded for their actions. Even if their child doesn’t get punished at home, that will lead the child to start acting out of control at school. Therefore, parents must take responsibility for their children’s behavior. The child needs to be teached that there will be consequences not only at school but homes as well for any discipline problems to be solved.

Gun Control Laws Should Be Stricter Laws - 931 Words

Many people believe there should be stricter gun control laws. By this they mean, regulate the sale, manufacture, possession, transfer, and use of firearms. They believe if the government does not make stricter gun control laws, then gun violence and deaths due to guns will only continue to increase over the years. Although there are many people for gun control laws, there are many people who are also against it. Some of the people who are against gun control laws probably will not understand why there should be stricter gun control laws until something happened to them or someone in their family due to a gun crime.The United States did not have the civil authorities as we do today. Americans had to rely on guns to protect themselves as laws evolved. Times were different in America and that is why the Second Amendment was ideal. Guns were not as dangerous then as they are now. Firearms at the time were very slow to load and that is one of the reasons gun control was not a real big is sue. Gun control started to become necessary when the rates for accidental deaths and gun violence were continuing to increase. The National Firearms Act was enacted in 1934. The National Firearms Act was not created to make money, but to lower the crime rates and make it impossible for people to buy and sell automatic-fire weapons. Today many people hope that gun control laws will get stricter by allowing longer and more background checks that go more in depth. Today the background check isShow MoreRelatedShould Gun Control Laws be Stricter?1336 Words   |  6 PagesShould gun control laws be stricter? Every day some news related to gun violence are being heard all over the world. Shooting in driveway, public places, schools, homicide and suicide are some of different types of gun violence. Shooting on people and killing them is a big issue in the world and different comments are provided about that. One of the most important of them is about gun control laws. Stingl (2013) says â€Å"The term gun control as it is used in the United States refers to any action takenRead MoreShould Gun Control Be Stricter Gun Laws? Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans were killed by guns, excluding suicides. How many of those deaths would have been prevented if there were stricter gun laws? How many parents would have lived to see their babies grow up? How many children would have lived to graduate, or get married? Although many Americans believe that gun control takes away their second amendment right it actually increases every citizen’s safety by the use of extensive background che cking, checking medical records, and restricting gun distributors. On aRead MoreShould Gun Laws Be Stricter Gun Control?1354 Words   |  6 PagesRights for Guns We have all been through that pain of losing a love one either it was to an incurable disease, old age, and car accident or during time of war. Nevertheless, we have lost more love ones through gun violence. People have own guns since the time guns were invented, but â€Å"Are guns for everyone?† We have heard of gun laws throughout the whole United States of America some enforce those laws and other do not. The government enforce stricter gun control laws so the public can be safe, toRead MoreGun Laws Should Not Be Stricter Gun Control858 Words   |  4 Pageswhether or not we need tighter gun controls. On one side of the debate are the gun control supporters, who claim that the easy access to guns is the primary cause for high rates of crime plaguing the United States. 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New York passed the Ammunition and Firearms enforcement act of 2013 becoming the first state to respondRead MoreThe Debate Over Stricter Gun Control Laws924 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate over stricter gun laws has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time now. Individuals who oppose stricter gun control laws argue that the second amendment to the constitution of the United States constitute part of the bill of ri ghts that protect the right of American citizens to bear arms, and any attempt to set up laws for gun control will be a direct violation of this (Hofstadter 10). They argue that the primary purpose of the amendment was to ensure that American CitizensRead MoreThe Debate Over Stricter Gun Control929 Words   |  4 Pages Gun Control in the United States The debate over stricter gun laws has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time now. Individuals who oppose stricter gun control laws argue that the second amendment to the constitution of the United States constitute part of the bill of rights that protect the right for American citizens to bear arms, and any attempt to set up laws for gun control will be a direct violation on this (Hofstadter 10). They argueRead MoreBennett Dorton. English 11. 1-26-17.Gun Control In America.1270 Words   |  6 PagesBennett Dorton English 11 1-26-17 Gun Control In America Every time a gun injures or kills in self defense it is used seven times in a criminal assault or homicide; furthermore the main argument against stricter gun laws is the fact that they are needed for self defense. Gun control is a very controversial and debatable topic, and many people have different opinions. In the Constitution, The Second Amendment gives the right to bear arms, but there have been restrictionsRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1701 Words   |  7 PagesA gun has the capacity to convert a conflict into a serious crime. The power of a gun is vast. But it the power of the gun is appreciated in right hands. The effects of a gun can be cherished when it is used by right hands and with the right intention. The effects of the gun are condemned when it reaches in wrong hands. A gun can protect as well as end someone’s life. When it ends the life of a criminal, it is a sign of bravery but when it takes the lives of innocent people it is condemne d. ThereforeRead MoreStricter Gun Control Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesThe Need for Stricter Gun Control In the world we are living in today guns are a major issue for the general safety of people. 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